医护人员血源性传播疾病职业暴露的现况分析

目的 探讨医护人员血源性传播疾病职业暴露的特征及危险因素,为其预防和干预提供有效依据.方法 回顾性分析海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院2006年4月至2021年1月登记上报的746例医护人员血源性传播疾病职业暴露案例的资料,包括性别、年龄、职业、工作科室、职业暴露发生时间、暴露源、暴露途径、处理措施等.结果 从性别上看,发生血源性传播疾病职业暴露的女性(540例,72.39％)较男性(206例,27.61％)多;从职业来看,发生血源性传播疾病职业暴露的人员以护士(师)(305例,40.88％)、医师(171例,22.92％)和实习护士(111例,14.88％)为主;从科室分布看,发生血源性传播疾病职业暴露的医护人员所在科室主要为急诊科(105例,14.08％)、普通外科(73例,9.79％)、麻醉科(67例,8.98％)、消化科(55例,7.37％)、胸心外科(54例,7.24％).暴露源以HBV为主,共有508例(68.10％);暴露途径以皮肤锐器伤为主,共有666例(89.28％).36例(4.83％)发生暴露后未进行任何紧急处理,但所有暴露者均接受了后续的预防性治疗及随访,且最终无一例发生职业暴露感染.结论 医护人员血源性传播疾病职业暴露不容忽视,应增强对血源性传播疾病的防范意识、强化职业防护培训、建立合理有效的防护制度、改善诊疗环境,以降低血源性传播疾病的发生率、保证医护人员的身心健康.     

Impact of a Medicaid policy on preventive oral health services for children with intellectual disabilities,developmental disabilities,or both

BackgroundIntegrating preventive oral health services (POHS) into medical offices may ease access to care for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The authors examined the impact of state policies allowing delivery of POHS in medical offices on receipt of POHS among Medicaid enrollees with IDD.MethodsThe authors used 2006 through 2014 Medicaid data for children with IDD aged 6 months through 5 years from 38 states. IDD were defined using 14 condition codes from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse. The length of the state’s medical POHS policy (no policy, < 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, or ≥ 4 years) was interacted with an indicator that the child was younger than 3 years. The authors used logistic regression models to estimate the likelihood that a child received POHS in a medical office or in a medical or dental office in a given year.ResultsAmong 447,918 children with IDD, 1.6% received POHS in medical offices. Children younger than 3 years in states with longer-enacted policies had higher rates of receiving POHS. For example, the predicted probability of receiving POHS was 40.6% (95% confidence interval, 36.3% to 44.9%) for children younger than 3 years in states with a medical POHS policy for more than 4 years compared with 30.6% (95% confidence interval, 27.8% to 33.5%) for children in states without a policy.ConclusionsState Medicaid policies allowing delivery of POHS in medical offices increased receipt of POHS among Medicaid-enrolled children with IDD who were younger than 3 years.Practical ImplicationsFew children with IDD receive POHS in any setting. Efforts are needed to reduce barriers to POHS for publicly insured children with IDD.     

预防医学本科毕业生应对突发生物性公共卫生事件核心能力评价指标体系构建

目的　构建一套预防医学本科毕业生应对突发生物性公共卫生事件核心能力评价指标体系。方法　采用深入访谈和小组讨论等研究方法确定核心能力结构,并运用德尔菲法进行2轮专家咨询。以21位专家对该体系的咨询结果为依据,最终确定指标体系及其权重。采用Excel和SPSS 21.0软件进行数据整理和统计分析。结果　专家咨询的积极系数大于80%,权威系数大于0.7,均值为0.906。最终确定的指标体系由4个一级指标、10个二级指标、39个三级指标构成。结论　该评价指标体系可为探索提高毕业生核心能力的有效途径提供参考依据。     

Characterization of unilateral conjunctival inoculation with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches

House finches in much of the continental United States experience annual epidemics of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Although evidence suggests that natural infections typically begin unilaterally, experimental inoculations of songbirds with MG to date have all been administered bilaterally. Furthermore, studies of free-living finches find more severe clinical signs of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in left versus right eyes, but the mechanisms underlying this side bias remain unknown. Here, we characterized unilateral inoculation of house finches with MG, and tested whether differential susceptibility of left versus right conjunctiva explains the side bias in disease severity of free-living finches. We directly inoculated house finches in either the left or right conjunctiva and characterized resulting disease severity and pathogen load throughout the course of infection. As expected, unilateral inoculation resulted in significantly more severe conjunctivitis, as well as higher conjunctival bacterial loads, on whichever side (left or right) birds were directly inoculated. However, in 55% of cases, unilateral inoculations resulted in bilateral disease, and in 85% cases there was evidence of bilateral infection. The overall severity of disease did not differ for birds inoculated in the left versus right conjunctiva, suggesting that physiological differences between the conjunctivae cannot explain the side bias in disease severity of free-living birds. Instead, laterality in exposure, perhaps due to feeding handedness, likely explains the detected field patterns.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

• House finches show more severe disease in the directly inoculated conjunctiva.

• Unilateral inoculations lead to high rates of bilateral infection and disease.

• Overall disease severity does not differ for the left- or right-inoculated conjunctiva.

• Laterality in exposure likely explains the left-side bias in natural infections.

     

Treatment benefit among migraine patients taking fremanezumab: results from a post hoc responder analysis of two placebo-controlled trials

BackgroundMonoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway, including the fully humanized monoclonal antibody (IgG2Δa) fremanezumab, have demonstrated safety and efficacy for migraine prevention. Clinical trials include responders and nonresponders; efficacy outcomes describe mean values across both groups and thus provide little insight into the clinical benefit in responders. Clinicians and their patients want to understand the extent of clinical improvement in patients who respond. This post hoc analysis of fremanezumab treatment attempts to answer this question: what is the benefit in subjects who responded to treatment during the two, phase 3 HALO clinical trials?MethodsWe included subjects with episodic migraine (EM) or chronic migraine (CM) who received fremanezumab quarterly (675 mg/placebo/placebo) or monthly (EM: 225 mg/225 mg/225 mg; CM: 675 mg/225 mg/225 mg) during the 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled HALO EM and HALO CM clinical trials. EM and CM responders were defined as participants with a reduction of ≥ 2 or ≥ 4 monthly migraine days, respectively. Treatment benefits evaluated included reductions in monthly migraine days, acute headache medication use, and headache-related disability, and changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL).ResultsOverall, 857 participants from the HALO trials were identified as responders (EM: 429 [73.8%]; CM: 428 [56.7%]). Reductions in the monthly average number of migraine days were greater among EM (quarterly: 5.4 days; monthly: 5.5 days) and CM (quarterly: 8.7 days; monthly: 9.1 days) responders compared with the overall population. The proportion of participants achieving ≥ 50% reduction in the average monthly number of migraine days was also greater in responders (EM: quarterly, 59.8%; monthly, 63.7%; CM: quarterly, 52.8%; monthly, 59.0%) than in the overall population. Greater reductions in the average number of days of acute headache medication use, greater reductions in headache-related disability scores, and larger improvements in HRQoL were observed among EM and CM responders compared with the overall populations.ConclusionsFremanezumab responders achieved clinically meaningful improvements in all outcomes. The magnitude of improvements with fremanezumab across efficacy outcomes was far greater in responders than in the overall trial population, providing insight into expected treatment benefits in participants who respond to fremanezumab in clinical practice.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02629861","term_id":"NCT02629861"}}NCT02629861 (HALO EM) and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02621931","term_id":"NCT02621931"}}NCT02621931 (HALO CM).     

预防吻合口瘘的研究现状与进展

吻合口瘘是低位直肠癌癌前切除术的严重并发症,有着较高的发病率和病死率.近年来,许多方法被用来降低吻合口瘘的发病率,本文查阅了PudMed以及万方数据库,聚焦于预防吻合口瘘的方法及对策,主要有:保护性造口、盲肠置管造口术、经肛肠腔减压术、管腔内旁路技术、无需回纳预防性造瘘术,每种方法各有优劣.截止到目前,传统的保护性造口应用较为广泛,其他方法的优势均缺少高水平实验的证据支持,但是,无需回纳预防性造瘘术可以完全转流粪便,不需二次手术回纳造口,初步显示效果良好,值得进一步研究.     

应急接种等措施在一起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情防控中的效果评价

目的 评价应急接种等措施在一起流行性腮腺炎暴发疫情防控中的效果。方法 根据病例定义收集该起暴发疫情中的所有病例发病、隔离日期,疫情中采取的应急接种、病例隔离、停课、洗手宣传教育等防控措施信息,计算应急接种的疫苗保护效率(vaccine efficiency,VE),采用离散时间模型对拟合实际暴发疫情数据计算传播能力,计算应急接种、病例隔离、停课和洗手的效果指数。结果 该起暴发疫情共调查共1 471人,发生4代病例,三代间距均为15 d;暴发期间共339人接种了麻腮风疫苗,应急接种率为73.38%,发病3人,罹患率0.88%。未应急接种的人数为123人,发病25人,罹患率20.33%。应急接种的疫苗保护效率为95.6%。隔离在第二至第四代的效果系数分别为0.43、0.46和0.47;停课和洗手联合措施在第二、三代病例发生时产生了作用,效果系数分别为0.279和0.078。模型模拟结果显示,接种率达到90%~100%,罹患率、疫情持续时间、疫情高峰出现周才能产生明显防控效果。结论 在流腮暴发疫情中,应急接种率达到90%~100%才能起到好的防控效果;停课和洗手等健康教育能起到一定作用,但主要防控措施应为高接种率和及时病例隔离。     

浅谈治未病理论中“瘥后防复”对肿瘤复发转移的指导作用

"瘥后防复"是中医预防医学"治未病"理论的重要组成之一,与现代医学三级预防中的康复性预防相似,对肿瘤复发转移的预防有一定的指导作用。本文从治未病理论中"瘥后防复"思想、中医对肿瘤复发转移的认识、"瘥后防复"思想对肿瘤复发转移的指导作用等三个方面进行了阐释。     

浅析中医“见微知著”的深层含义

目的:通过古文献的分析来揭示中医"见微知著"的深层含义;方法:从渊源追溯、医案举例、临床应用等方面来阐述"见微知著"有异于通常的解释;结果:"见微知著"的确切含义并不能被"以小见大"所涵盖;结论:除"以小见大"的含义外,"见微知著"还蕴含着对未来疾病动态的预测。     

以“治未病”思想探讨多发性硬化的中医护理

以“治未病”思想为指导,从未病先防、既病防变、瘥后防复等方面对多发性硬化的中医护理进行理论探讨,以期为多发性硬化提供全方面的护理,提高患者的生活质量。